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What are the typical components of metal removal fluids?

Straight oils. These products are not diluted before use. They are the oldest
class of engineered metal removal products, and they provide excellent lubrication,
good rust control, and long sump life.

Straight oils are available in a variety of formulations based partially on how viscous they are. Some
lower viscosity straight oil products are used for metal removal processes like honing or polishing,
while more viscous straight oil products are used for heavy-duty metal removal processes like broaching
and turning.

The following table shows possible additives included in straight oil metal removal fluids:

Table 1: Straight Oil Additives

Additive	Purpose	Example
"oiliness agent"	***	vegetable oil, polyol ester
extreme pressure agent	to lubricate under high pressure	sulfurized fatty materials chlorinated paraffins
antioxidant	to reduce oxidation of fluid	alkylated phenol
metal passivator	to protect newly exposed metal from corrosion	triazole
corrosion inhibitor	to protect part and machine	calcium sulfonate
anti-mist agent	to reduce aerosol formation	polyisobutylene polymer
dispersant	to suspend fluid contaminants	***
odorant	aesthetic	***
dye	aesthetic	***

Soluble oils The following table shows possible additives included in soluble oil metal removal fluids:

Table 2: Soluble Oil Additives

Additive	Purpose	Example
"oiliness agent"	***	polyol ester
emulsifier	to disperse oil in water, improve wetting of part	petroleum sulfonate, salts of fatty acids, nonionic surfactants
alkanolamine	to provide reserve alkalinity	monoethanolamine, triethanolamine
extreme pressure agent	to lubricate under high pressure	sulfurized fatty materials chlorinated paraffins
biocide	to reduce microorganisms	triazine, oxazolidine
"coupler"	***	fatty alcohol
corrosion inhibitor	to prevent part or tool corrosion	***
defoamer	to reduce foam production	long chain fatty alcohol
antioxidants	to reduce fluid oxidation	***
metal passivator	to protect newly exposed metal from corrosion	triazole
dye	aesthetic	***

Semisynthetics These products are the most complex and variable of the four basic fluid types.
The following table shows possible additives included in semisynthetic metal removal fluids:

Table 3: Semisynthetic Fluid Additives

Additive	Purpose	Example
"oiliness agent"	***	polyol ester
emulsifier (more complex)	to improve wetting of part, disperse oil in water	fatty amides, salts of fatty acids, nonionic surfactants
alkanolamine	to provide reserve alkalinity	monoethanolamine, triethanolamine
extreme pressure agent	to lubricate under high pressure	sulfurized fatty materials chlorinated paraffins
biocide	to reduce microorganisms	triazine, oxazolidine
"coupler"	***	fatty alcohol
defoamer	to reduce foam production	long chain fatty alcohol
corrosion inhibitor	to prevent part or tool corrosion	amine salt of boric acid
chelator	to reduce hard water effects	EDTA
antioxidants	to reduce fluid oxidation	***
metal passivator	to protect newly exposed metal from corrosion	triazole
dye	aesthetic	***

Synthetic metal removal fluids The following table shows possible additives included in synthetic metal removal fluids:

Table 4: Synthetic Fluid Additives

Additive	Purpose	Example
synthetic lubricant	***	ethylene oxide-propylene oxide polymers, amides, organic esters
alkanolamine	to provide reserve alkalinity	monoethanolamine, triethanolamine
plasticizer	***	glycol ether
biocide	to reduce microorganisms	triazine, oxazolidine
defoamer	to reduce foam production	long chain fatty alcohol
corrosion inhibitor	to prevent part or tool corrosion	amine salt of carboxylic acids, amine salt of boric acid
chelator	to reduce hard water effects	EDTA
antioxidants	to protect newly exposed metal from corrosion	***
metal passivator	to protect newly exposed metal from corrosion	triazole
odorant	aesthetic	***
dye	aesthetic	***